Group Leader & Lecturer · Chair of Building Physics · ETH Zürich
Portrait of Yongling Zhao

Yongling Zhao
Understanding urban heat, cooling cities with nature.

My research is centered on two fronts: understanding urban heat — using fluid mechanics, multiscale modelling, and machine learning to reveal how heat builds up and moves through cities — and accelerating cooling solutions, prioritizing nature-based strategies and technological innovations that help cities beat the heat.

Explore research Google Scholar ↗
Gallery
Figures from my publications — and what each reveals
recent 2026 The world's urban cooling potential is deeply uneven — in Nature Communications 2025 A roadmap for faster urban heat mitigation — in Annual Review of Environment and Resources lecture IPCC Vice-Chair Diana Ürge-Vorsatz guest-lectures in Urban Physics — watch ▶
01 / about

About

I am a Group Leader and Lecturer at the Chair of Building Physics, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, where I lead research on urban climate. My work develops along two fronts: understanding the physics of urban overheating, and developing cooling solutions that can be accelerated at scale.

On the first front, I combine fluid-tunnel experiments, multiscale simulation from street canyons to whole urban regions, and machine learning to reveal how heat builds up, moves, and dissipates in cities — from buoyant flows in a single street to overheating patterns across thousands of cities worldwide.

On the second, I have established an emerging line of research on nature-inspired urban climate solutions, and work on prioritizing nature-based strategies and technological innovations so that urban heat mitigation can move faster.

Both fronts rest on a common foundation in fluid mechanics, with training that began with my PhD at the University of Sydney. Beyond ETH, I have been a visiting fellow at the University of Cambridge and, as an IPCC-invited expert, co-drafted the outline of the Special Report on Climate Change and Cities. Reflecting my interest in teaching in a broad context, I also lead the ABB–ETH Academy, a multi-year education initiative with ABB Group.

IPCC invited expert · 2024 Visiting Fellow · Cambridge Guest Researcher · Empa Teaching cert. · Oxford
02 / research

Research

Six studies that anchor my research — from accelerating urban heat mitigation to the fundamental physics of buoyant flows.

R·01

Urban heat mitigation pathways

Prioritizing nature-based solutions and technological innovations to accelerate urban heat mitigation — a roadmap for how cities can cool faster in a warming world.

Annual Review of Environment & Resources · 2025
read the paper ↗
R·02

Global cooling potential of cities

How much cooling can the world's cities actually achieve? A global assessment reveals deep asymmetries between heat burden and cooling potential — demanding accelerated, context-specific action.

Nature Communications · 2026
read the paper ↗
R·03

Beating urban heat

Multimeasure-centric solution sets and a complementary framework for decision-making — connecting individual cooling measures into coherent strategies for real cities.

Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews · 2023
read the paper ↗
R·04

Intra-city warming in heatwaves

Clustering reveals that heatwaves do not warm a city evenly — neighbourhoods heat differently, with insights drawn from Paris, Montreal, and Zurich.

Environmental Research Letters · 2024
read the paper ↗
R·05

Urban warming & cooling demand

Three decades of surging space-cooling demand, traced back to urban warming — quantifying how hotter cities lock in ever-growing energy use.

Environmental Research Letters · 2023
read the paper ↗
R·06

Transition of thermal boundary layers

How natural convection boundary layers transition to turbulence — the K-type and H-type routes, revealed through controlled perturbations.

Journal of Fluid Mechanics · 2017
read the paper ↗
research gallery
Researcher setting up PIV cameras beside the water tunnel with fluorescent dye
Setting up simultaneous PIV–LIF measurements at the water tunnel — capturing velocity and temperature fields of urban flows in a single experiment
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A · 2025 ↗
Heat escaping street canyons, made visible — laser-induced fluorescence tracks how warm air is flushed out of the urban canopy
Building and Environment · 2022 ↗
The urban heat dome over Paris in a heatwave — the atmospheric boundary layer rising and falling in step with surface temperature
Environmental Research Letters · 2024 ↗
A green laser sheet illuminating model buildings in the dark fluid tunnel
A laser sheet slices across a model city in the dark — the illuminated plane where cameras capture flow over and between urban blocks
Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer · 2026 ↗
Green wall models in the tunnel test section and a real green facade
Green walls at two scales — instrumented models in the water-tunnel test section, and the kind of full-scale living facade they help us understand
Building and Environment · 2022 ↗
Turbulence in motion — a large-eddy simulation resolving, eddy by eddy, how wind sweeps heat out of a building array
J. Adv. Modeling Earth Systems · 2025 ↗
03 / publications

Selected publications

64 peer-reviewed journal articles across urban physics and heat transfer. A selection below — full list on Google Scholar ↗

2026

Nonlinear impacts of urban size and vegetation cover on global surface urban heat: Insights from 6022 cities

Jiang S, Zhao Y, Zhao L, Strebel D, Derome D, Ürge-Vorsatz D, et al. · Remote Sensing of Environment
2026

Asymmetric global urban cooling potential demands accelerated and context-specific actions

Ding X, Fan Y, Zhao Y, Ürge-Vorsatz D, Ge J, Carmeliet J · Nature Communications open access
2026

Buoyant flow in simplified 2D street canyons: The fluctuating nature revealed by LES and PIV/LIF measurements

Xue Y, Zhao Y, Duke D, Kubilay A, Chao Y, Carmeliet J · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer open access
2026

Convective flows on a heated horizontal plate

Jiang Y, Mucignat C, Zhao Y, Lunati I, Carmeliet J, Xu F · Physics of Fluids
2025

Prioritizing Nature-Based Solutions and Technological Innovations to Accelerate Urban Heat Mitigation Pathways

Zhao Y, Carmeliet J, Hamdi R, Yuan C, Ding X, Derome D, Fan Y, Jiang S, et al. · Annual Review of Environment and Resources open access
2025

Ultrafine‐resolution Urban Climate modeling: Resolving processes across scales

Wang C, Zhao Y, Li Q, Wang ZH, Fan J · Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems open access · PDF ↗
2025

Urban heat above and below ground: towards improved understanding, modelling, mitigation and adaptation

Rotta Loria AF, Carmeliet J, Zhao Y · Philosophical Transactions A open access
2025

Hot spots and flow structures around an isolated cuboid building subjected to surface warming: Large eddy simulations

Zhao Y, Li R, Kubilay A, Zhao Y, Niu J, Shi X, Gao N · Building and Environment
2025

Heat and flow dynamics in cities: an experimental comparative study across diverse urban morphologies

Xue Y, Zhao Y, Wai KM, Yuan C, Carmeliet J · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A open access
2024

Cooling efficacy of trees across cities is determined by background climate, urban morphology, and tree trait

Li H, Zhao Y, Wang C, Ürge-Vorsatz D, Carmeliet J, Bardhan R · Communications Earth & Environment open access · PDF ↗
2024

Impact of street canyon morphology on heat and fluid flow: an experimental water tunnel study using simultaneous PIV-LIF technique

Xue Y, Zhao Y, Mei SJ, Chao Y, Carmeliet J · Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science open access
2024

Using clustering to understand intra-city warming in heatwaves: insights into Paris, Montreal, and Zurich

Zhao Y, Strebel D, Derome D, Esau I, Li Q, Carmeliet J · Environmental Research Letters open access · PDF ↗
2024

Exploring thermal buoyant flow in urban street canyons: Influence of approaching turbulent boundary layer

Xue Y, Zhao Y, Mei SJ, Chao Y, Carmeliet J · Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science open access
2024

Critical transitions on a route to chaos of natural convection on a heated horizontal circular surface

Jiang Y, Zhao Y, Carmeliet J, Nie B, Xu F · Journal of Fluid Mechanics
2024

Highly inhomogeneous interactions between background climate and urban warming across typical local climate zones in heatwave and non-heatwave days

Kong J, Zhao Y, Gao K, Strebel D, Carmeliet J, Lei C · Environmental Research Letters open access
2024

The significant impacts of urban canyon configuration on non-isothermal flow, ventilation, and heat removal: Insights from PIV-LIF measurements

Xue Y, Zhao Y, Mei SJ, Yuan C, Carmeliet J · International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow open access
2023

Understanding the impact of heatwave on urban heat in greater Sydney: temporal surface energy budget change with land types

Kong J, Zhao Y, Strebel D, Gao K, Carmeliet J, Lei C · Science of the Total Environment open access
2023

PCM-based ceiling panels for passive cooling in buildings: A CFD modelling

Yang S, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Torres JF, Wang X · Energy and buildings
2023

Beating urban heat: Multimeasure-centric solution sets and a complementary framework for decision-making

Zhao Y, Sen S, Susca T, Iaria J, Kubilay A, Gunawardena K, Zhou X, et al. · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews open access
2023

Fluid tunnel research for challenges of urban climate

Zhao Y, Chew LW, Fan Y, Gromke C, Hang J, Yu Y, Ricci A, Zhang Y, et al. · Urban Climate open access
2023

Relating three-decade surge in space cooling demand to urban warming

Li H, Zhao Y, Bardhan R, Chan PW, Derome D, Luo Z, Ürge-Vorsatz D, et al. · Environmental Research Letters open access · PDF ↗
2023

Fluid tunnel research for multiphysics modelling of urban climate

Zhao Y, Carmeliet J · Building and Environment
2022

Impact of green walls on ventilation and heat removal from street canyons: Coupling of thermal and aerodynamic resistance

Li H, Zhao Y, Sützl B, Kubilay A, Carmeliet J · Building and Environment open access
2022

Recent advances in modeling turbulent wind flow at pedestrian-level in the built environment

Zhong J, Liu J, Zhao Y, Niu J, Carmeliet J · Architectural intelligence open access · PDF ↗
2022

Enhancement of heat removal from street canyons due to buoyant approaching flow: Water tunnel PIV-LIF measurements

Zhao Y, Xue Y, Mei S, Yuan C, Carmeliet J · Building and Environment open access
2021

Physics-based stitching of multi-FOV PIV measurements for urban wind fields

Li H, Zhao Y, Liu J, Carmeliet J · Building and Environment open access
2021

Scaling of buoyancy-driven flows on a horizontal plate subject to a ramp heating of a finite time

Jiang Y, Nie B, Zhao Y, Carmeliet J, Xu F · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
2021

Urban Heat Island and its interaction with heatwaves: a review of studies on mesoscale

Kong J, Zhao Y, Carmeliet J, Lei C · Sustainability open access · PDF ↗
2021

Transition from steady to chaotic flow of natural convection on a section-triangular roof

Zhai H, Torres JF, Zhao Y, Xu F · Physical Review Fluids
2021

Magnified heat transfer from curved surfaces: A scaling prediction

Zhao Y, Lei C, Patterson JC · Physics of Fluids
2020

Isothermal and non-isothermal flow in street canyons: A review from theoretical, experimental and numerical perspectives

Zhao Y, Chew LW, Kubilay A, Carmeliet J · Building and Environment open access
2020

The thermal performance of a novel convergent valveless vortex tube

Yan H, Xu Q, Zhao Y, Xue Y · International Journal of Refrigeration
2020

Heat transfer in a liquid under focused ultrasonic field

Wan Z, He Z, Wang X, Ong RH, Zhao Y · Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science
2019

On the selection of perturbations for thermal boundary layer control

Zhao Y, Zhao P, Liu Y, Xu Y, Torres JF · Physics of Fluids open access · PDF ↗
2019

PIV measurements of the K-type transition in natural convection boundary layers

Zhao Y, Lei C, Patterson JC · Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science
2019

Enhancing the flow and heat transfer in a convective cavity using symmetrical and adiabatic twin fins

Liu Y, Zhang S, Huang H, Suo Q, Bian Y, Zhao Y · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
2017

The K-type and H-type transitions of natural convection boundary layers

Zhao Y, Lei C, Patterson JC · Journal of Fluid Mechanics
2016

Natural transition in natural convection boundary layers

Zhao Y, Lei C, Patterson JC · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer
2015

A PIV measurement of the natural transition of a natural convection boundary layer

Zhao Y, Lei C, Patterson JC · Experiments in Fluids
2014

Transition of natural convection boundary layers—A revisit by bicoherence analysis

Zhao Y, Lei C, Patterson JC · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer
2013

Resonance of the thermal boundary layer adjacent to an isothermally heated vertical surface

Zhao Y, Lei C, Patterson JC · Journal of Fluid Mechanics
04 / teaching

Teaching & supervision

Prof. Diana Ürge-Vorsatz delivering a guest lecture in the Urban Physics course at ETH Zürich
guest lecture · urban physics · ETH Zürich

Prof. Diana Ürge-Vorsatz on cities in a changing climate

A highlight of the Urban Physics course: an invited guest lecture by Prof. Diana Ürge-Vorsatz (Central European University), Vice-Chair of the IPCC and one of the world's leading voices on climate change mitigation and cities. Her lecture explores how cities both drive and suffer from a changing climate — and what accelerated mitigation could look like.

▶ Watch the lecture recording
Urban Physics students in class at ETH Zürich
Urban Physics — in the classroom
Students presenting their Meteo Bike field-measurement project
Students presenting their Meteo Bike field campaign
Lecture on heat-wave prediction in a full lecture hall
Lecturing on heat waves — full house
course · ETH Zürich · since 2020

Urban Physics — Lead Lecturer

The state of the art in urban climate research: urban heat islands, urban wind, vegetation, thermal comfort, and climate mitigation strategies. Each semester combines lectures with hands-on workshops, laboratory tests, field measurements, and invited guest speakers.

supervision & resources

PhD & Master's supervision

I supervise PhD and Master's projects on topics such as:

  • Machine learning for urban climate and heat mitigation
  • Aerodynamic and thermal effects of urban vegetation

I also share PIV learning resources — code, particle images, lecture notes, and video demonstrations.

05 / contact

Get in touch

Questions about my research are welcome. I am happy to share the data and code behind published work, and I take part in international collaborations on urban climate.

Before you write — play with a street canyon. Move the sun and wind, add greenery, and watch the air temperature respond.
street canyon · cross-section
+5.0 °C
ventilation: weak
wind
sun
🌳 street trees 🧱 green wall 🌿 green roof 💧 misting ❄️ indoor AC
A stylized visualization of canyon ventilation — not a real-time CFD solve. Warm air rises from the sun-heated street; wind aloft drives the recirculating vortex that flushes heat out.
LEO C 2 · Leonhardstrasse 27 · 8092 Zürich · Switzerland
Dept. of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich